A key characteristic of bureaucracy is that it is primarily governed by what?

Bureaucracy is primarily governed by state officials, who are appointed or employed within government departments and agencies. These officials operate within a structured hierarchy, following established rules and regulations to implement policies and manage public administration. Their role is crucial as they ensure continuity and stability in government operations, as they are not subject to the fluctuations of public opinion or electoral cycles.

In contrast, public opinion can influence government decisions but does not govern the bureaucracy directly. Elected representatives are involved in making laws and policies but do not manage the day-to-day functions of bureaucratic agencies. Judicial rulings are important for interpreting laws and ensuring they follow constitutional principles, but they do not govern bureaucratic operations either. Thus, the daily administration and implementation of policies within the framework of a bureaucracy are firmly in the hands of state officials, highlighting their essential role in governance.