What does bureaucracy refer to in the context of government?

Bureaucracy in the context of government refers to a system where state officials, rather than elected representatives, make important decisions. This structure is critical for the functioning of modern governments, as it involves a hierarchy of administrative agencies and departments that carry out the laws and policies established by the elected officials. Bureaucrats are typically career civil servants who have expertise in their specific areas and are responsible for implementing government programs and regulations.

This differentiation is essential because it highlights the role of a professional, non-political workforce that ensures continuity and stability in governance, even as political administrations change. Bureaucrats often handle day-to-day operations, manage budgets, and interact with the public, which allows for specialized knowledge and administrative efficiency in the execution of governmental responsibilities.