Which concept refers to powers not written in the Constitution but deemed necessary?

The concept of implied powers refers to powers not expressly listed in the Constitution but are necessary for the government to carry out its enumerated powers. This concept is rooted in the Necessary and Proper Clause, found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the ability to make all laws that are deemed necessary and proper for executing its enumerated powers.

For example, while the Constitution explicitly grants Congress the power to levy taxes, it does not specifically mention the means through which Congress can establish the Internal Revenue Service. However, the creation of such an agency is considered an implied power, essential for tax enforcement and collection.

In contrast, enumerated powers are explicitly stated in the Constitution, concurrent powers are shared by both state and federal governments, and inherent powers are those that a government may exercise simply because it is a government, such as the power to control borders. This distinction highlights the unique role implied powers play in allowing the government to adapt and function effectively beyond the constraints of written authority.